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According to one source, there are 104
references to the word "naked" and its derivatives in 87 verses of the
King James Version of the Bible. But with the New International Version,
a translation preferred by many conservative Christians, there are only 49
references in 47 verses. 6
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Passages from the creation story in
Genesis
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Passages from the rest of the Hebrew
Scriptures (Old Testament)
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Passages from the Christian Scriptures
(New Testament)
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Gospel of Thomas
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Conclusions
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References
There are a number of passages near the
beginning of Genesis that might be considered to have a relationship to social
nudism:
- Genesis 2
Adam was created
from mud, and Eve was created from one of Adam's ribs. Both had remained
naked in the Garden of Eden. Genesis 2:25 states: "And they were
both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed." (KJV).
- Genesis 3:7: "Then the eyes
of both [Adam and Eve] were opened and they realized that they were naked;
so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves." (NIV)
There is an ambiguity in the original
Hebrew text over the word translated here as naked. It may be:
- eromim which means to be
naked, without clothes, or
- arumim which means the
uncovering of deceptions
Genesis and the rest of the Torah was
written using only consonants, with no letters or signs indicating vowels.
Thus "eromim" and "arumim" appear the same in the Hebrew
text, as rmm.
The Hebrew word translated here as
coverings is chagowr which literally means a belt for the waist.
But some translators of the Bible into English seem to have recoiled from
the thought of Eve walking around topless, wearing just a belt. The King
James and Revised Standard Versions both mention "aprons"
which could have covered most of their bodies. The Modern Language
version describes them as "skirts". The Living Bible mentions
that they covered "themselves around the hips" The New American
Standard Bible calls them "loin coverings." The NIV translation
is particularly obscure; they refer simply to "coverings" without
defining what type was used. In spite of what the NIV translators wrote, it
is obvious that Eve went topless.
- Genesis 3:10-11: God called
for Adam, who replied: "I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was
afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself." God answered: "Who
told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I
commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?" (KJV).
There are many conflicting
interpretations to the significance of nudity in these passages:
- Some interpret that passages as
implying that Adam and Eve had once lived a sinless life. But after
eating the fruit, their thoughts became selfish. They lost their
unconditional, pure love for each other and began to look upon their
partner as sex objects -- as a body to exploit in order to satisfy their
sexual appetite. Their clothing might have been intended to protect
themselves from the other.
- Some suggest that the act of
covering of their body was a metaphor. It symbolized their real need to
try to hide their sin from God.
- Some feel that Adam and Eve were
so embarrassed by their nudity that they had to create clothes to hide
their genitals. However, that interpretation seems unlikely, because
Adam and Eve would have been used to seeing each other naked continually
since Eve was created. They would hardly suddenly become embarrassed in
each other's presence.
- Some Christians interpret the
passage as implying that once Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, sin
entered the world, that nudity became intrinsically sinful. Adam and Eve
then wished to be clothed when they became aware of their sin.
- Another explanation was that the
aprons would give them at least some form of physical protection when
they were expelled from the Garden of Eden into a barren land. Perhaps
the belts would facilitate the carrying of knives to ward off dangerous
animals.
- Still another interpretation of
the passage is that Adam and Eve's eating of the forbidden fruit gave
them knowledge. God had created them as a type of proto-human, without
the knowledge of good and evil, and without much knowledge of themselves
and their surroundings. In some magical way, the eating of the fruit
brought them instant knowledge of morality: of good and bad. They became
fully human, It may have also brought them knowledge of how sexual
intercourse can lead to procreation. They realized the tremendous
magical power of sex. They decided that their sexual organs were so
powerful and mysterious that they should be covered.
- Religious liberals tend to
interpret the first part of Genesis as a series of religious myths. They
are stories of great spiritual significance, but unrelated to any
historical happenings. The passage about Adam and Eve wearing a belt
might simply be a myth that the author(s) included to account for the
embarrassment that youth and adults often feel when they are naked in
the presence of the opposite gender.
- Others refer to a Pagan
Babylonian religious text, the Gilgamesh epic. It contains a passage
that is very close parallel to the Genesis story. It involves Enkidu and
a harlot who received sexual knowledge as a result of eating the
forbidden fruit. This caused them to be embarrassed at their nudity. The
Epic was written many centuries before Genesis. Religious liberals
generally assume that parts of Genesis were
copied from The Gilgamesh epic.
This would include the stories of the forbidden fruit, the clothing, and
the universal flood.
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- Genesis 9:20-29: This is
the story of Noah becoming intoxicated and lying naked in his tent. He had
three sons: Shem, Ham and Japeth. Ham sees his father, and tells his two
brothers. The Hebrew word for nakedness is here "ervah," which
connotes a display of the genitals. Shem and Japeth then cover their father
without looking at him. When Noah wakes up, he engages in evil sorcery: He
lays a verbal curse; not on Ham, but on Ham's son Canaan, and all of
his descendants. Some conservative theologians interpret this passage to
mean that Ham's descendants were cursed because Ham had observed his father
naked. This would imply that nudity with a family is forbidden behavior.
Others interpret it to mean that Ham ridiculed his father's nakedness and
was being punished for his disrespect. That would be more in agreement with
Exodus 21:15 and Leviticus 20:9 which calls for a son to be punished if he
curses or shames his parent (the Hebrew word is ambiguous). Others reject
the
passage as profoundly immoral.
By today's secular and religious standards, people are not punished for the
for the behavior of their parent(s) or other ancestor; individuals are
responsible for their own behavior, not for others.
- Exodus 32:19-25: At
least 3,000 men and an unknown number of women danced while worshiping a
golden calf. Various translations of the Bible say that they were "unrestrained",
or had "broken loose" or were "committing adultery" or
were "running wild." The original Hebrew appears to imply that they
were naked. The sons of Levi sided with Moses who disapproved of idol
worship and exterminated the worshipers. The worshipers appear to have been
punished because they revered the golden calf, not because they were
publicly nude.
- 1 Samuel 18:3-4:
"And
Jonathan made a covenant with David because he loved him as himself.
Jonathan took off the robe he was wearing and gave it to David, along with
his tunic, and even his sword, his bow and his belt." (NIV) Since people
in those days did not wear underwear, Jonathan stripped himself naked in
front of David. This is one of many indications in the Bible where David and
Jonathan's relationship
may have been sexual in nature.
- 1 Samuel 19:20-24: Saul had
sent a group of messengers to capture David. The "Spirit of God"
descended on the messengers, and they started to prophesize. Saul sent a
second group of messengers, with the same result. Finally Saul went himself
and the Spirit descended upon him as well. Verse 24 states: "And he
stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel in like manner,
and lay down naked all that day and all that night...." (KJV).
The nudity of Saul and his messengers while prophesizing is the first of
many similar instances in the Bible.
- 2 Samuel 6:14: "And David
danced before the LORD with all his might; and David was girded with a linen
ephod." (KJV) David engaged in some kind of whirling dance to the
accompaniment of music and ritual shouting. An ephod was a type of simple
apron that covered his genitals. David was nearly naked. Presumably his
genitals would have been exposed as he danced.
- 2 Samuel 11:2:
"...David...went for a stroll on the roof of the palace. As he looked out
over the city, he noticed a woman of unusual beauty taking her evening
bath." (NIV) David and Bathsheba, wife of Uriah, later engaged in an
adulterous affair. Bathsheba became pregnant, David sent her husband into a
hopeless military situation so that Uriah was killed. This passage appears
to reflect the building design in Palestine at the time. The populace
generally had no access to indoor bathtubs, and commonly bathed in public in
the river. In Bathsheba's case, she was probably bathing in her courtyard
out of sight of passersby, but visible from the roof of the palace. Her
nudity was mentioned in passing without comment. That would seem to imply
that to be naked in the view of others, or to observe a person naked, are
not sinful acts. David was later punished by God, not for gazing on a naked
woman, but for committing adultery with her and for being indirectly
responsible for arranging the death of her husband.
- Isaiah 20:2: "The Lord told
Isaiah, the son of Amoz, to take off his clothing, including his shoes, and
to walk around naked and barefoot" (NIV) Isaiah's nudity, which was to
continue for three years, was symbolic of the Assyrians conquering Egypt and
Ethiopia, when they carted their prisoners away naked and barefoot. Isaiah
was clearly acting as a naturist, but not necessarily of his own choosing.
And God used his nudity to teach others. Many centuries later, St., Francis
of Assisi followed Isaiah's behavior. He removed his clothes in the center
of the village. He and Brother Rufino later preached nude in church.
1,2
- Esther 1:10-11: "...when
the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded ...the seven
chamberlains that served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king, to bring
Vashti the queen before the king with the crown royal, to shew the people
and the princes her beauty: for she was fair to look on." (KJV) Ancient
rabbinical interpreters suggested that she was ordered to appear naked,
wearing only her crown. She refused.
- Job 22:6: "For thou hast
taken a pledge from thy brother for nought, and stripped the naked of their
clothing." (KJV) This is a criticism of unrighteous people who are
totally lacking in empathy for other individuals. They are so keen to
exploit others that they take from the naked what they do not have: clothes.
There is no condemnation for the naked in this passage.
- Job 24:7: "They cause the
naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold."
(KJV) Same comment as above.
- Job 24:10: "They cause him
to go naked without clothing, and they take away the sheaf from the hungry."
(KJV) Not only do the unrighteous take clothing from the naked, they even
steal food. Again, there is no condemnation of those who simply are naked.
- Isaiah 58:7: "Is it not to
share your food with the hungry and to provide the poor wanderer with
shelter-- when you see the naked, to clothe him, and not to turn away from
your own flesh and blood?" (NIV) This is clearly not a command to clothe
all naked persons. Rather, it is an instruction to care for the people who
are in need of shelter, food and clothes in order to sustain life.
- Micah 1:8: "Because of this
I will weep and wail; I will go about barefoot and naked" Like Samuel
and Isaiah, Micah prophesied while unclad.
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There are a number of passages in the
Christian Scriptures that might be considered to have a relationship to social
nudism:
- Matthew 5:28: "...I tell
you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed
adultery with her in his heart." (NIV) Some would believe that more
lustful thoughts might be experienced at a nudist facility than at a textile
resort. However, it can equally be argued that the suggestive nature of many
modern bathing suits arouse greater feelings of sexual lust at a textile
beach or clothed resort than in a naturist location. So, the passage could
be used to support or criticize naturism.
- Mark 10:46-50: "... blind
Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus, sat by the highway side begging...And he,
casting away his garment, rose, and came to Jesus." (KJV) It is unclear
why he wished to come to Jesus naked. But his actions were not condemned.
- Mark 14:51-52: "And there
followed him a certain young man, having a linen cloth cast about his naked
body; and the young men laid hold on him: And he left the linen cloth, and
fled from them naked." (KJV) This verse is a bit of a puzzle.
Some theologians speculate that the young man had just been baptized naked
and had afterwards put on a white linen sheet. In the early years of the
Christian movement, believers and the person doing the baptizing were both
nude.
- John 20:5-7: Two
disciples visited the tomb where Jesus was interred. They found strips of
linen and the burial cloth that had been around Jesus' head. Presumably,
when Jesus was resurrected by God (according to Paul) or resurrected himself
(according to the Gospel writers), he was without clothing. See also Luke
24:12.
- John 21:7: "...And so when
Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he put his outer garment on (for he
was stripped for work); and threw himself into the sea.". (NIV) Once
again, as in Genesis 3:7, the NIV translators seem to recoil from a vision
of nudity; the idea of Peter working as a fisherman in the nude appears too
much for them to handle. They chose an obscure term to describe the garment
that Peter put on. The resultant passage is ambiguous whether he put the
outer garment on over an inner garment, or over his previously naked body.
The King James Version translates this verse quite clearly: "...he girt
his fisher's coat onto him, (for he was naked)..." The New Revised
Standard Version renders this passage: "...he put on some clothes for he
was naked." This passage describes how Peter had stripped naked to work
on the fishing boat, and later put on a garment and dove into the sea.
Public nudity while fishing was apparently a common practice among fishermen
on the Sea of Galilee, and Peter was no exception. Since Peter's nakedness
was stated without comment, one could conclude that public nudity was/is
acceptable behavior.
- 1 Corinthians 8:9:
"Be careful, however, that the exercise of your freedom does not become a
stumbling block to the weak." Some interpreters believe that this is a
generic statement that a Christian must not engage in any behavior that
might cause another believer to falter. They might argue that nudism may
tempt some persons to have unclean thoughts. Other interpreters note that
the passage is preceded and followed with discussions of eating meat that
had been used in Pagan rituals. The instruction may be limited to
interaction with animal-sacrificing Pagan groups, as is seen today among
the followers of Santeria.
- 1 Corinthians 12:23: "and
those (parts) of the body, which we think to be less honorable, upon these
we bestow more abundant honor; and our uncomely (parts) have more abundant
comeliness; whereas our comely (parts) have no need: but God tempered the
body together, giving more abundant honor to that (part) which lacked."
(ASV). Paul is apparently saying that parts of the human body which are not
presentable are to be treated with special modesty, while the rest of our
body needs no such special treatment. He is apparently referring to social
practices in his culture, which did not allow nudity in social situations.
- There are three other passages in the
Christian Scriptures where nudity is mentioned. Two are associated with
mental illness. (Luke 8:27, Acts 19:13-16). The remaining
reference is in Luke 10:30, when the man rescued by the
good Samaritan was stripped and left for dead by robbers. None of these are
related to consensual nudity in public.
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The Gospel of Thomas is a recently
discovered Gospel that was in wide use among early Christian groups, but which
never made it into the official canon of the Bible. One verse reads: "His
disciples asked, 'When will you become revealed to us and when shall we see
you?' Jesus answered, 'When you disrobe without being ashamed and take up your
garments and place them under your feet like little children and tread on them,
then will you see the son of the Living One, and you will not be afraid.' "
Nudity in this case appears to be refer to achieving a state of personal
innocence.
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One source lists many dozens of verses in
the Bible and interprets each. That author concludes that God abhors nakedness
when:
- It is forced upon a person against
their will (as when captured as a prisoner)
- It is associated with a sinful act
(as in Pagan worship of a golden calf or engaging in an orgy or temple
prostitution)
- It means that the individual is
lacking in basic needs to the extent that they are unprotected from the
harsh elements, without shelter, food, and clothing
3
But God also used nakedness positively, in
order to communicate the message of some of the Prophets more effectively.
We have been unable to find a passage in
the Bible that condemns public nudity, as in attendance at a naturist resort.
There appear to be none which condemns private nudity. There seem to be a number
of passages that mention nudity in the presence of others as acceptable
behavior. There also appears to be many instances in the history of the
Christian Church where public nudity was a normal activity. We would conclude
that naturism is not disallowed by the Bible, or by church tradition and that
Christians should feel free to investigate naturism freely.
Pope John Paul II, while still a Polish
Cardinal wrote: "Nakedness itself is not immodest... Immodesty is present
only when nakedness plays a negative role with regard to the value of the
person, when its aim is to arouse concupiscence, as a result of which the person
is put in the position of an object for enjoyment."
4
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- "The Little Flowers of St.
Francis", Part I, Chapter 30.
- Thomas of Celano, "The Life of St.
Francis."
- Jeff Rockel has written an
essay: "The Bible, Society and Nudity: A study of social nudity from a
Biblical and secular perspective", See:
http://my.voyager.net/lecor/bsn/index.html
- Karol Cardinal Wojtyla, "Love and
Responsibility", Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, New York, NY, (1981) pp. 176,
186, 189ff.
- St. Hippolytus, "Apostolic
Constitutions"
- Jeff Rockel, "The Bible,
Society and Nudity: A study of social nudity from a Biblical and secular
perspective", See:
http://www.execpc.com/~jrockel/sbs/bsn/index.html
-
http://www.wels.net/sab/qa/behav-08.html
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